網際網路協議和支援¶

本章中描述的模組實現了網際網路協議以及對相關技術的支援。它們全部用 Python 實現。這些模組中的大多數都需要系統相關的模組 socket 的存在，目前大多數流行的平臺上都支援該模組。這裡是一個概述

webbrowser — 方便的網路瀏覽器控制器
- 錯誤
- open()
- open_new()
- open_new_tab()
- get()
- register()
- 瀏覽器控制器物件
wsgiref — WSGI 實用工具和參考實現
- wsgiref.util – WSGI 環境實用工具
- wsgiref.headers – WSGI 響應頭工具
  - Headers
    - get_all()
    - add_header()
- wsgiref.simple_server – 一個簡單的 WSGI HTTP 伺服器
- wsgiref.validate — WSGI 一致性檢查器
  - validator()
- wsgiref.handlers – 伺服器/閘道器基類
- wsgiref.types – 用於靜態型別檢查的 WSGI 型別
- 示例
urllib — URL 處理模組
urllib.request — 用於開啟 URL 的可擴充套件庫
- urlopen()
- install_opener()
- build_opener()
- pathname2url()
- url2pathname()
- getproxies()
- Request
- OpenerDirector
- BaseHandler
- HTTPDefaultErrorHandler
- HTTPRedirectHandler
- HTTPCookieProcessor
- ProxyHandler
- HTTPPasswordMgr
- HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm
- HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth
- AbstractBasicAuthHandler
- HTTPBasicAuthHandler
- ProxyBasicAuthHandler
- AbstractDigestAuthHandler
- HTTPDigestAuthHandler
- ProxyDigestAuthHandler
- HTTPHandler
- HTTPSHandler
- FileHandler
- DataHandler
- FTPHandler
- CacheFTPHandler
- UnknownHandler
- HTTPErrorProcessor
- Request 物件
  - full_url
  - type
  - host
  - origin_req_host
  - selector
  - data
  - unverifiable
  - method
  - get_method()
  - add_header()
  - add_unredirected_header()
  - has_header()
  - remove_header()
  - get_full_url()
  - set_proxy()
  - get_header()
  - header_items()
- OpenerDirector 物件
  - add_handler()
  - open()
  - error()
- BaseHandler 物件
  - add_parent()
  - close()
  - parent
  - default_open()
  - unknown_open()
  - http_error_default()
- HTTPRedirectHandler 物件
  - redirect_request()
  - http_error_301()
  - http_error_302()
  - http_error_303()
  - http_error_307()
  - http_error_308()
- HTTPCookieProcessor 物件
  - cookiejar
- ProxyHandler 物件
- HTTPPasswordMgr 物件
  - add_password()
  - find_user_password()
- HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth 物件
  - add_password()
  - find_user_password()
  - update_authenticated()
  - is_authenticated()
- AbstractBasicAuthHandler 物件
  - http_error_auth_reqed()
- HTTPBasicAuthHandler 物件
  - http_error_401()
- ProxyBasicAuthHandler 物件
  - http_error_407()
- AbstractDigestAuthHandler 物件
  - http_error_auth_reqed()
- HTTPDigestAuthHandler 物件
  - http_error_401()
- ProxyDigestAuthHandler 物件
  - http_error_407()
- HTTPHandler 物件
  - http_open()
- HTTPSHandler 物件
  - https_open()
- FileHandler 物件
  - file_open()
- DataHandler 物件
  - data_open()
- FTPHandler 物件
  - ftp_open()
- CacheFTPHandler 物件
  - setTimeout()
  - setMaxConns()
- UnknownHandler 物件
  - unknown_open()
- HTTPErrorProcessor 物件
  - http_response()
  - https_response()
- 示例
- 舊介面
  - urlretrieve()
  - urlcleanup()
  - URLopener
  - FancyURLopener
    - prompt_user_passwd()
- urllib.request 限制
urllib.response — urllib 使用的響應類
- addinfourl
  - url
  - headers
  - status
  - geturl()
  - info()
  - code
  - getcode()
urllib.parse — 將 URL 解析為元件
- URL 解析
- URL 解析安全性
- 解析 ASCII 編碼的位元組
- 結構化的解析結果
- URL 引用
urllib.error — urllib.request 引發的異常類
- URLError
  - reason
- HTTPError
  - url
  - code
  - reason
  - headers
  - fp
- ContentTooShortError
  - content
urllib.robotparser — robots.txt 的解析器
- RobotFileParser
http — HTTP 模組
- HTTPStatus
- HTTP 狀態碼
- HTTP 狀態類別
  - HTTPMethod
- HTTP 方法
http.client — HTTP 協議客戶端
- HTTPConnection
- HTTPSConnection
- HTTPResponse
- parse_headers()
- HTTPException
- NotConnected
- InvalidURL
- UnknownProtocol
- UnknownTransferEncoding
- UnimplementedFileMode
- IncompleteRead
- ImproperConnectionState
- CannotSendRequest
- CannotSendHeader
- ResponseNotReady
- BadStatusLine
- LineTooLong
- RemoteDisconnected
- HTTP_PORT
- HTTPS_PORT
- responses
- HTTPConnection 物件
  - request()
  - getresponse()
  - set_debuglevel()
  - set_tunnel()
  - get_proxy_response_headers()
  - connect()
  - close()
  - blocksize
  - putrequest()
  - putheader()
  - endheaders()
  - send()
- HTTPResponse 物件
  - read()
  - readinto()
  - getheader()
  - getheaders()
  - fileno()
  - msg
  - version
  - url
  - headers
  - status
  - reason
  - debuglevel
  - closed
  - geturl()
  - info()
  - getcode()
- 示例
- HTTPMessage 物件
  - HTTPMessage
ftplib — FTP 協議客戶端
- 參考
  - FTP 物件
    - FTP
      - set_debuglevel()
      - connect()
      - getwelcome()
      - login()
      - abort()
      - sendcmd()
      - voidcmd()
      - retrbinary()
      - retrlines()
      - set_pasv()
      - storbinary()
      - storlines()
      - transfercmd()
      - ntransfercmd()
      - mlsd()
      - nlst()
      - dir()
      - rename()
      - delete()
      - cwd()
      - mkd()
      - pwd()
      - rmd()
      - size()
      - quit()
      - close()
  - FTP_TLS 物件
    - FTP_TLS
  - 模組變數
poplib — POP3 協議客戶端
- POP3
- POP3_SSL
- error_proto
- POP3 物件
  - set_debuglevel()
  - getwelcome()
  - capa()
  - user()
  - pass_()
  - apop()
  - rpop()
  - stat()
  - list()
  - retr()
  - dele()
  - rset()
  - noop()
  - quit()
  - top()
  - uidl()
  - utf8()
  - stls()
- POP3 示例
imaplib — IMAP4 協議客戶端
- IMAP4
- error
- abort
- readonly
- IMAP4_SSL
- IMAP4_stream
- Internaldate2tuple()
- Int2AP()
- ParseFlags()
- Time2Internaldate()
- IMAP4 物件
  - append()
  - authenticate()
  - check()
  - close()
  - copy()
  - create()
  - delete()
  - deleteacl()
  - enable()
  - expunge()
  - fetch()
  - getacl()
  - getannotation()
  - getquota()
  - getquotaroot()
  - list()
  - login()
  - login_cram_md5()
  - logout()
  - lsub()
  - myrights()
  - namespace()
  - noop()
  - open()
  - partial()
  - proxyauth()
  - read()
  - readline()
  - recent()
  - rename()
  - response()
  - search()
  - select()
  - send()
  - setacl()
  - setannotation()
  - setquota()
  - shutdown()
  - socket()
  - sort()
  - starttls()
  - status()
  - store()
  - subscribe()
  - thread()
  - uid()
  - unsubscribe()
  - unselect()
  - xatom()
  - PROTOCOL_VERSION
  - debug
  - utf8_enabled
- IMAP4 示例
smtplib — SMTP 協議客戶端
- SMTP
- SMTP_SSL
- LMTP
- SMTPException
- SMTPServerDisconnected
- SMTPResponseException
- SMTPSenderRefused
- SMTPRecipientsRefused
- SMTPDataError
- SMTPConnectError
- SMTPHeloError
- SMTPNotSupportedError
- SMTPAuthenticationError
- SMTP 物件
- SMTP 示例
uuid — 根據 RFC 4122 的 UUID 物件
- SafeUUID
  - safe
  - unsafe
  - unknown
- UUID
- bytes
- bytes_le
- 欄位
- time_low
- time_mid
- time_hi_version
- clock_seq_hi_variant
- clock_seq_low
- 節點
- 時間
- clock_seq
- 十六進位制
- 整數
- urn
- 變體
- version
- is_safe
- getnode()
- uuid1()
- uuid3()
- uuid4()
- uuid5()
- NAMESPACE_DNS
- NAMESPACE_URL
- NAMESPACE_OID
- NAMESPACE_X500
- RESERVED_NCS
- RFC_4122
- RESERVED_MICROSOFT
- RESERVED_FUTURE
- 命令列用法
- 示例
- 命令列示例
socketserver — 網路伺服器框架
- TCPServer
- UDPServer
- UnixStreamServer
- UnixDatagramServer
- 伺服器建立注意事項
- 伺服器物件
  - BaseServer
- 請求處理程式物件
- 示例
http.server — HTTP 伺服器
- HTTPServer
- ThreadingHTTPServer
- BaseHTTPRequestHandler
- SimpleHTTPRequestHandler
- CGIHTTPRequestHandler
  - cgi_directories
  - do_POST()
- 安全注意事項
http.cookies — HTTP 狀態管理
- CookieError
- BaseCookie
- SimpleCookie
- Cookie 物件
- Morsel 物件
  - Morsel
    - expires
    - path
    - comment
    - domain
    - secure
    - version
    - httponly
    - samesite
  - value
  - coded_value
  - key
  - set()
  - isReservedKey()
  - output()
  - js_output()
  - OutputString()
  - update()
  - copy()
  - setdefault()
- 示例
http.cookiejar — HTTP 客戶端的 Cookie 處理
- LoadError
- CookieJar
- FileCookieJar
- CookiePolicy
- DefaultCookiePolicy
- Cookie
- CookieJar 和 FileCookieJar 物件
- FileCookieJar 子類以及與 Web 瀏覽器的合作
  - MozillaCookieJar
  - LWPCookieJar
- CookiePolicy 物件
- DefaultCookiePolicy 物件
- Cookie 物件
- 示例
xmlrpc — XMLRPC 伺服器和客戶端模組
xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC 客戶端訪問
- ServerProxy
- ServerProxy 物件
- DateTime 物件
  - DateTime
    - decode()
    - encode()
- Binary 物件
  - Binary
- Fault 物件
  - Fault
    - faultCode
    - faultString
- ProtocolError 物件
  - ProtocolError
    - url
    - errcode
    - errmsg
    - headers
- MultiCall 物件
  - MultiCall
- 便捷函式
  - dumps()
  - loads()
- 客戶端使用示例
- 客戶端和伺服器使用示例
xmlrpc.server — 基本 XML-RPC 伺服器
- SimpleXMLRPCServer
- CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
- SimpleXMLRPCRequestHandler
- SimpleXMLRPCServer 物件
- CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
- 編寫 XMLRPC 伺服器文件
- DocXMLRPCServer 物件
- DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 操作庫
- 便捷工廠函式
- IP 地址
- IP 網路定義
- 介面物件
- 其他模組級函式
- 自定義異常
  - AddressValueError
  - NetmaskValueError